Which of the following graphs is isomorphic to 
Answer: (B)
Answer: (B)
Wednesday, February 11, 2015
(1) A process executes the code
forkO; fork(); forkO; fork();
The total number of child processes created is (A) 3 (B) 15 (C) 7 (D) 8
Answer: (B)
(2) Assuming P != NP, which of the following is TRUE?
(A) NP-complete = NP
(B) NP-complete INTERSECTION P = 0
(C) NP-hard = NP
(D) P = NP-complete
Answer(B)
Sunday, January 11, 2015
BOHR MODEL electron around center speed
light colour and orbite
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/bohr.html
electron linear speed around center
v = 2.18x10^6 m/s
Marosz (me )
8 km/s = 8 000 m/s
it is very important problem on Earth
how heavy is electron on Earth
how heavy is electron in Universe
light colour and orbite
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/bohr.html
electron linear speed around center
v = 2.18x10^6 m/s
Marosz (me )
8 km/s = 8 000 m/s
it is very important problem on Earth
how heavy is electron on Earth
how heavy is electron in Universe
For any student of Computer Sc he/she must be excelled in:
Discrete Structures
Loading, linking, relocation, program relocatability. Linkage editing
Text editors. Programming Environments. Debuggers and program generators
Compilation and Interpretation. Bootstrap compilers. Phases of compilation process. Lexical analysis. Lex package on Unix system
Context free grammars. Parsing and parse trees. Representation of parse(derivation) trees as rightmost and leftmost derivations. Bottom up parsers- shift-reduce, operator precedence. and LR. YACC package on Unix system
Top-down parsers- left recursion and its removal. Recursive descent parser. Predictive parser, Intermediate codes- Quadruples, Triples, Intermediate code generation, Code generation, Code optimization
Concepts, Storage Devices, Input Tools, Authoring Tools, Application. Files
Discrete Structures
Sets,
relation, Functions,
Pigeonhole Principle,
inclusion-Exclusion Principle, Equivalence and Partial orderings,
elementary counting techniques, Probability, Measure(s) for Information
and total information.
Compatibility
Model of computation-Finite Automata, Pushdown Automata, Non-determinism and NFS, DPDA and PDAs and languages accepted by these structure, Grammars languages, non compatibility and example of non computable problemsGraph
Definitions walks paths, trails, connected graphs, regular and bipartite graphs, cycles and circuits, tree and rooted tree, spanning trees, eccentricity of a vertex radius and diameter of a graph, central graphs, centers of a tree, Hamiltonian and Eulerian graphs, planar graphsGroup
Finite field and error correcting / detecting codesComputer Arithmetic
Propositional (Boolean), Predicate Logic, Well-formed-formulae (WFF), Satisfiability and Tautology
Logic Families
TTL, ECL and C-MOS gates. Boolean algebra and Minimization of Boolean functions, Flip-flops-types, race condition and comparison. Design of combinational and sequential circuitsProgramming in C and C++
Programming in C
Elements of C: Tokens, identifiers, data types in C. Control structures in C: Sequence, selection and iteration(s). Structured data types in C: arrays, struct, union, string, and pointersC++ Programming
Elements of C++ - Tokens, identifiers. Variables and constants, data types, Operators, Control statements. functions, parameter passing, Class and objects. Constructors and destructors. Overloading, Inheritance, templates, Exception handlingRelational Database Design and SQL
Relational Database Design
E-R Diagrams and their transformation to relation design, normalization- INF, 2NF, 3NF and 4NF. Limitations of 4NF and BCNFSQL
Data definition language(DDL), Data manipulation language(DML), Data control language (DCL) commands. Database objects like- Views, indexes, sequences , synonyms, data dictionary.Data and File Structures
Data Structure
Data, Information, Definition of data structure. Arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, graphs, priority queues and heapsFile Strucure
Fields, records and files. Sequential, direct, index-sequential and relative files. Hashing, inverted lists and multi-lists. B trees and B+ treesComputer Networks
Network Fundaments
Local area Network (LAN), metropolitan Area Network(MAN), Wide area Network(WAN), Wireless Network, Inter NetworkReference Model
The OSI model, TCP/IP modelData Communication
Channel capacity. Transmission media- Twisted pair, Coaxial cables, Fiber optic cables, Wireless transmission- radio, microwave, infrared and millimeter waves. Light wave transmission. Telephones- local loop, trunks, multiplexing, switching, narrowband ISDN, broadband ISDN, ATM, High speed LANS, Cellular radio Communication. satellite- Geosynchronous and low-orbitInternetworking
Switch/Hub, Bridge, router, Gateways Concatahetsd virtual circuits, Tunneling, Fragmentation, FirewallsRouting
Virtual circuits and datagrams, Routing algorithms, congestion controlNetwork Security
Cryptography- Public key, Secret Key. Domain Name System (DNS)- Electronics mail and worldwide web (WWW). The DNS Resource Records, Name Services. E-Mail Architecture and ServersSystem Software and Compilers
Assembly language fundamentals (8085 based assembly language programming). Assemblers- two-pass and single-pass. Macros and macro-processorsLoading, linking, relocation, program relocatability. Linkage editing
Text editors. Programming Environments. Debuggers and program generators
Compilation and Interpretation. Bootstrap compilers. Phases of compilation process. Lexical analysis. Lex package on Unix system
Context free grammars. Parsing and parse trees. Representation of parse(derivation) trees as rightmost and leftmost derivations. Bottom up parsers- shift-reduce, operator precedence. and LR. YACC package on Unix system
Top-down parsers- left recursion and its removal. Recursive descent parser. Predictive parser, Intermediate codes- Quadruples, Triples, Intermediate code generation, Code generation, Code optimization
Operating Systems & Unix Case Study
Memory Management
Virtual memory, paging, fragmentationConcurrent Processing
Mutual exclusion. Critical regions, lock and unlockScheduling
CPU scheduling, I/O scheduling, Resource scheduling, Deadlock and scheduling algorithms. Banker's algorithm for deadlock handlingThe Unix System
File system, process management, borne shell, shell variables, command line programmingFilters and Commands
pr, head, tail, cut, paste, sort, uniq, tr, join, etc., grep, egrep, fgrep, etc., sed, awk, etc.System Calls (like)
creat, open, close, read, write, iseek, link, unlink, stat, fstat, umask, chmod, exec, fork, wait, system.Software Engineering
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Steps, Water fall model, Prototypes Spiral modelSoftware Metrics
Software Project ManagementSoftware Design
System design, detailed design. function oriented design, object oriented design, user interface design. Design level metricsCoding and Testing
Testing level metrics. software quality and reliability. Clean room approach, software reengineeringMobile Computing
Mobile connectivity- Cells, Framework, Wireless delivery technology and switching methods, mobile information access devices, mobile data internetworking standards, cellular data communication protocols, mobile, computing applications. Mobile databases- protocols, scope, tools and technology. M-business.Simple Applications (in windows)
Scrolling, splitting views, docking toolbars, status bars, common dialogs.Advanced Windows Programming
Multiple Document Interface (MDI), Multithreading. Object linking and Embedding (OLE). Active X controls. Active Template Library (ATL). Network programming.Digital Systems and Microprocessors
Digital Systems
Combinational Circuit Design, Sequential Circuit Design, Hardwired and Microprogrammed processor design, Instruction formats, Addressing modes, Memory types and organisation, Interfacing peripheral devices, InterruptsMicroprocessors
Microprocessor architecture, Instruction set and Programming (8085, P-III/P-IV). Microprocessor applicationsData Base Management Systems
Database Concepts. ER diagams, Data Models, Design of Relational Database, Normalisation, SQL and QBE, Query Processing and Optimisation, Centralised and Distributed Database, Security, Concurrency and Recovery in Centralised and Distributed Database Systems, Object Oriented Database Management Systems (Concepts, Composite objects. Integration with RDBMS applications), ORACLEComputer Graphics
Display systems, Input devices, 2D Geometry, Graphic operations, 3D Graphics, Animation, Graphic standard, ApplicationsConcepts, Storage Devices, Input Tools, Authoring Tools, Application. Files
Programming Concepts
Programming language , concepts, Paradigm and models.
Data,
Data types, Operators, Expressions, Assignments , Flow of
control-Control Structure, I/O Statement, User Defined and Built in
Function parameter passing
Principles , classes, inheritance, Class hierarchies, polymorphism, Dynamic binding, reference semantics and their implementation
Principles, functions, lists, types and polymorphism, higher order functions lazy evaluation equations and pattern matching
Principles , horn clauses and their execution, logical variables relations, data structure, Controlling the search order, programme development in prolog implementation of prolog, example programme in prolog
Principle of parallelism co routines, Communication and execution, Parallel virtual Machine (PVM) and message passing interface (MPI), routine an calls , Parallel programmes in PVM paradigm a swell as MPI, paradigm for simple problems like matrix multiplication
Preconditions , post conditions, axiomatic approaches for semantic, corrections denotation semantics
Complier structure, Compiler construction tools, coalition phases.
Principles , classes, inheritance, Class hierarchies, polymorphism, Dynamic binding, reference semantics and their implementation
Principles, functions, lists, types and polymorphism, higher order functions lazy evaluation equations and pattern matching
Principles , horn clauses and their execution, logical variables relations, data structure, Controlling the search order, programme development in prolog implementation of prolog, example programme in prolog
Principle of parallelism co routines, Communication and execution, Parallel virtual Machine (PVM) and message passing interface (MPI), routine an calls , Parallel programmes in PVM paradigm a swell as MPI, paradigm for simple problems like matrix multiplication
Preconditions , post conditions, axiomatic approaches for semantic, corrections denotation semantics
Complier structure, Compiler construction tools, coalition phases.
Finite Automata, Pushdown Automata, Non-Determinations, and NFA, DPDA
and PDAs and language accepted by these structure, Grammars,
language-Types of grammar-type,0, type 1, tope 2, type 3, The
relationship between types of grammars, and finite machine, Pushdown
automata and context free Framers, Lexical Analysis-regular express and
regular languages.LEX pacemaker on UNIX, Conversion of NFA to DFA
minimizing the number of states in a DFA, Compilation an interpretation
Bootstrap Compilers.
Context free grammars, Parsing and parse trees, representation of
parse trees as rightmost ma leftmost derivation. Bottom up parsers-shift
reduce, operator precedence an LR, YACC package on UNIX, system, Top
down parsers-Left recursion and its removal , recursive descent Parsers,
Predictive parser Intermediate codes-Quadruples, triples, Intermediate
code generation, Code generation , Code optimizationData Communication and Networks
Data Communication
Analog and Digital transmission, Asynchronous and Synchronous transmission, Transmission media, Multiplexing and Concentration, Switching techniques, PollingNetworks
Topologies, Networking Devices, OSI Reference Model, Protocols for (i) Data link layer, (ii) Network layer, and (iii) Transport layer, TCP/IP protocols, Networks security; Network administrationData Structures and Algoritms
Data Structures
Definition, Simple and Composite structures , Arrays, Lists, Stacks, queues, Priority queues, Binary trees, B-trees, GraphsSorting and Searching Algorithms
Sorting and Searching Algorithms, Analysis of Algorithms, Interpolation and Binary Search, Asymptotic notations-big ohm, omega and theta. Average case analysis of simple programs like finding of a maximum of n elements. Recursion and its systematic removal. Quicksort- Non-recursive implementation with minimal stack storageDesign of Algorithms
Design of Algorithms (Divide and Conquer, Greedy method, Dynamic programming, Back tracking, Branch and Bound). Lower bound theory.Non-deterministic algorithm
Non-deterministic programming constructs. Simple non-deterministic programs. NP-hard and NP-complete problemsOOP and Web Technologies
Object Oriented Programming
Object, messages, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, aggregation, abstract classes, generalization as extension and restriction. Object oriented design. Multiple inheritance, metadataWeb Technologies
HTML, DHTML, XML, Scripting, Java, Servlets, AppletsAdvanced Software Engineering
Software development models, Requirement analysis and specifications, Software design, techniques and tools, Software validation and quality assurance techniques, Software maintenance and advanced concepts, Software managementOperating Systems
Introduction, Memory management, Support for concurrent process, Scheduling, System deadlock, Multiprogramming system. 1/0 management, Distributed operating systems, Study of Unix and Windows NTArtificial Intelligence
Definitions. AI approach for solving problems
Automated Reasoning with propositional logic and predicate
logic- fundamental proof procedure, refutation. resolution, refinements
to resolution (ordering/pruning/restriction strategies)
State space representation of problems, bounding functions,
breadth first, depth first, A, A*, AO*, etc. Performance comparison of
various search techniques
Frames, scripts, semantic nets, production systems, procedural representations. Prolog programming
Components of an expert system, Knowledge representation and Acquisition techniques, Butlding expert system and Shell
RTNS. ATNS, Parsing of Ambiguous CFG's. Tree Adjoining Grammars
(TAGs). Systems approach to planning, Designing; Development,
Implementation and evaluation of MIS
Decision-making processes, evaluation of DSS, Group decision
support system and case studies; Adaptive design approach to DSS
development, Cognitive style in DSS, Integrating expert and Decision
support systems
Finite Automata and Formal Languages
Theory of Computation
Formal language, Need for formal computational models, Non-computational problems, diagonal argument and Russel's paradox.Deterministic Finite Automaton
Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA), Non-deterministic Finite. Automaton (NFA). Regular languages and regular sets. Equivalence of DFA and NFA. Minimizing the number of states of a DFA. Non-regular languages. and Pumping lemma.Pushdown Automaton
Pushdown Automaton (PDA), Deterministic Pushdown Automaton (DPDA), Non-equilvalence of PDA and DPDA.Context free Grammars
Greibach Normal Form (GNF) and Chomsky Normal Form (CNF), Ambiguity, Parse Tree Representation of Derivations. Equivalence of PDA's and CFG's. Parsing techniques for parsing of general CFG's Early's, Cook-Kassami-Younger (CKY), and Tomita's parsing.Linear Bounded Automata (LBA)
Power of LBA. Closure properties.Turing Machine (TM)
One tape, multitape. The notions of time and space complexity in terms of TM. Construction of TM for simple problems. Computational complexity.Chomsky Hierarchy of Languages
Recursive and recursively-enumerable languages.Information Theory and Coding
Model for C Information Channel
Discrete Memoryless Channel, Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC), Burst Channel, Bit-error rates. Probability, Entropy and Shanno's measure of information. Mutual information. Channel capacity theorem. Rate and optimality of information transmissionVariable Length Codes
Prefix codes. Huffman Codes, Lempel-ziev (LZ) codes. Optimality of these codes. Information content of these codesError Correcting and Detecting Codes
Finite fields, Hamming distance, Bounds of codes, Linear (Parity Check) codes, Parity check matrix, Generator matrix, Decoding of linear codes, Hamming codesImage Processing
Image Registration, Spatial Fourier Transforms, Discrete Spatial (2-dimensional) Fourier transforms, Restoration, Lossy Compression of images (pictures)Data Compression Techniques
Representation and compression of text, sound, picture, and video files (based on the JPEG and MPEG standards)Operation Research
Linear Programming Problem
Linear Programming Problem (LPP) in the standard form, LPP in Canonical form. Conversion of LPP in Standard form to LPP in Canonical form. Simplex-Prevention of cyclic computations in Simplex and Tableau, Big-M method, dual simplex and revised simplex. Complexity of simplex algorithm(s). Exponential behaviour of simplex. Ellipsoid method and Karmakar's method for solving LPPs. Solving simple LPPs through these methods. Comparison of complexity of these methodsAssignment and Transportation Problems
Simple algorithms like Hungarian method, etcShortest Path Problems
Dijkstra's and Moore's method. complexityNetwork Flow Problem
Formulation. Max-Flow Min-Cut theorem. Ford and Fulkersons algorithm. Exponential behaviour of Ford and Fulkerson's algorithm. Malhotra-Pramodkumar-Maheshwari (MPM) Polynomial algorithm for solving Network flow problem. Bipartlte Graphs and Matchings; Solving matching problems Network flow problemsMatroids
Definition. Graphic and Cographic matroids. Matroid intersection problemNon-linear Programming
Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Convex functions and Convex regions. Convex programming problems. Algorithms for solving convex programming problems- Rate of convergence of iterative methods for solving these problemsNeural Networks
Perceptron model, Linear separability and XOR problem. Two and three layered neural nets. Backpropagation-Convergence. Hopfield nets, Neural net learning, ApplicationsFuzzy Systems
Definition of a Fuzzy set, Fuzzy relations, Fuzzy functions, Fuzzy measures, Fuzzy reasoning, App1ications of Fuzzy systemsUnix
Operating system, Structure of Unix Operating System, Unix Commands, Interfacing with Unix. Editors and Compilers for Unix, LEX and YACC, File system, System calls. Filters, Shell programmingWindows
Windows environment, Unicode, Documents and Views, Drawing in a window, Message handling, Scrolling and Splitting views, Docking toolbars and Status bars, Common dialogs and Controls, MDI, Multithreading, OLE, Active X controls, ATL, Database access, Network programming
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